In May 2023 over 90,000 developers responded to our annual survey about how they learn and level up, which tools they're using, and which ones they want.

Read the overview → Methodology →

Overview

Welcome to the 2023 Developer Survey! For 13 years, we've delivered industry-leading insights regarding the developer community.

This is the voice of the developer. Analysts, IT leaders, reporters, and other developers turn to this report to stay up to date with the evolving developer experience, technologies that are rising or falling in favor, and to understand where tech might be going next.

This year, we went deep into AI/ML to capture how developers are thinking about it and using it in their workflows. Stack Overflow is investing heavily in enhancing the developer experience across our products, using AI and other technology, to get people to solutions faster. Stack Overflow Labs is where we're sharing all we're doing - check it out for a deep dive on AI/ML insights as well as see what we're experimenting with so far.

Happy reading!

Developer Profile
Learning to code

Learning to code from online resources increased from 70% to 80% since the 2022 survey.

Respondents 18 and under are those most frequently selecting online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forums) to learn from. Respondents 25 - 34 were the top age cohort to have learned from online courses or certifications (52%) but still learn more from traditional school (55%).

Learning how to code →
Technology
Most popular technologies

This year, Docker is the top-used other tool amongst all respondents (53%) rising from its second place spot last year.

People learning to code are more likely to be using npm or Pip than Docker (50% and 37% respectively vs. 26%). Both are used alongside languages that are popular with students (JavaScript and Python respectively).

Other tools →
Technology
Most popular technologies

Why complicate it? Jira and Confluence are the top two async tools amongst all developers similar to last year, but this year a new addition to the list broke top three: 27% of respondents use markdown files as an async tool.

People who are learning to code are using GitHub Discussions more than markdown files (31% vs. 29%) and turn to Notion (26%) and Trello (23%) more than professional developers.

Asynchronous tools →
Technology
Admired and Desired

Rust is the most admired language, more than 80% of developers that use it want to use it again next year. Compare this to the least admired language: MATLAB. Less than 20% of developers who used this language want to use it again next year.

Programming, scripting, and markup languages →
Technology
Admired and Desired

Phoenix is the most admired web framework and technology; more developers would choose to work with Phoenix again than those who have used the three most common: React, Node.js, and Next.js.

Web frameworks and technologies →
Technology
Admired and Desired

More respondents want to continue using Cargo next year than the top competitors (top 6 tools that respondents want to use next year), however, Docker has almost double the proportion of respondents that want to use it next year compared to all other options.

Other tools →
Technology
Worked with vs. want to work with

42% of ChatGPT users want to use Google Bard or Bing AI next year. These users are enjoying their experience: 79% want to use ChatGPT again next year.

AI Search Tools →
Technology
Top paying technologies

Zig is the highest-paid language to know this year (a new addition), while Clojure gets knocked from the top spot with a 10% decrease from 2022.

Dart and SAS saw the highest increase in median pay during 2023, growing more than 20% year-over-year.

Top paying technologies →
AI
Sentiment and usage

70% of all respondents are using or are planning to use AI tools in their development process this year. Those learning to code are more likely than professional developers to be using or use AI tools (82% vs. 70%).

AI tools in the development process →
Work
Employment

For all respondents this year we see a slight increase in “Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed” and equal-sized decrease in full-time students (1 percentage point) compared to last year and other employment status' changing less than that.

The costs of investing in oneself has risen with inflation in 2023 but not enough to sway many from the opportunity to level up their developer skills.

Employment status →
Work
Employment

Hybrid is here to stay for larger organizations; over half of employees in 5,000+ organizations are hybrid. The smaller organizations are most likely to be in-person, with one out of five organizations with fewer than 20 people report being in-person.

More developers this year are working in-person this year than last year (+2%). Return to office initiatives aside, coding easily lends itself to fully remote work and one third or more of all organization sizes are still fully remote.

Work environment →
Professional Developers
Productivity impacts

63% of all respondents spend more than 30 minutes a day searching for answers or solutions to problems. People managers are more likely to spend less time searching than individual contributors (42% vs. 36% spend 30 minutes or less).

Daily time spent searching for answers/solutions →

Developer Profile

What we know about the global community of developers

Developer Profile

Education

Most developers (84%) have a post-secondary education, having some college or more.

Educational attainment

Most professional developers have attained a Bachelor's degree (47%) with a quarter attaining a Master's degree (26%).

For the developers who are learning to code, more than half are between 18-24 years old, so it makes sense that they are more likely to not have a Bachelor's degree. They are likely still in school.

89,184 responses
Primary/elementary school 2.14% 1,905
Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) 9.98% 8,897
Some college/university study without earning a degree 13.18% 11,753
Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) 3.15% 2,807
Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) 41.16% 36,706
Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) 23.03% 20,543
Professional degree (JD, MD, Ph.D, Ed.D, etc.) 4.36% 3,887
Something else 1.65% 1,475
Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed? *
67,237 responses
Primary/elementary school 0.71% 478
Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) 5.87% 3,949
Some college/university study without earning a degree 12.55% 8,437
Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) 3.27% 2,201
Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) 46.85% 31,498
Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) 25.62% 17,223
Professional degree (JD, MD, Ph.D, Ed.D, etc.) 3.85% 2,590
Something else 1.28% 861
Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed? *
4,961 responses
Primary/elementary school 7.54% 374
Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) 31.79% 1,577
Some college/university study without earning a degree 21.81% 1,082
Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) 3.53% 175
Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) 24.29% 1,205
Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) 6.11% 303
Professional degree (JD, MD, Ph.D, Ed.D, etc.) 1.17% 58
Something else 3.77% 187
Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed? *
4,961 responses
Primary/elementary school 6.8% 351
Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) 21.55% 1,112
Some college/university study without earning a degree 13.06% 674
Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) 2.81% 145
Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) 24.77% 1,278
Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) 20.45% 1,055
Professional degree (JD, MD, Ph.D, Ed.D, etc.) 7.75% 400
Something else 2.79% 144
Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed? *

Developer Profile

Learning to code

There are as many ways to learn to code as there are coders. Developers use a variety of tools and resources to build their skills.

Learning how to code

Learning to code from online resources increased from 70% to 80% since the 2022 survey.

Respondents 18 and under are those most frequently selecting online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forums) to learn from. Respondents 25 - 34 were the top age cohort to have learned from online courses or certifications (52%) but still learn more from traditional school (55%).

87,663 responses
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 80.13% 70,244
Books / Physical media 51.8% 45,406
School (i.e., University, College, etc) 50.14% 43,957
Online Courses or Certification 49.28% 43,201
On the job training 46.06% 40,380
Colleague 23.41% 20,523
Friend or family member 11.33% 9,936
Coding Bootcamp 9.81% 8,602
Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 8.02% 7,033
How do you learn to code? Select all that apply.
4,947 responses
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 79.14% 3,915
Online Courses or Certification 58.9% 2,914
School (i.e., University, College, etc) 52.05% 2,575
Books / Physical media 38.31% 1,895
Coding Bootcamp 19.83% 981
Friend or family member 16.01% 792
On the job training 11.32% 560
Colleague 11.2% 554
Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 8.67% 429
How do you learn to code? Select all that apply.
86,688 responses
Under 18 years old
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 88.34% 3,469
Online Courses or Certification 39.5% 1,551
School (i.e., University, College, etc) 34.22% 1,344
Books / Physical media 36.13% 1,419
Coding Bootcamp 10.36% 407
Friend or family member 19.33% 759
On the job training 6.44% 253
Colleague 4.02% 158
Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 8.51% 334
18-24 years old
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 84.15% 14,727
Online Courses or Certification 47.89% 8,381
School (i.e., University, College, etc) 62.05% 10,860
Books / Physical media 37.64% 6,588
Coding Bootcamp 11.25% 1,969
Friend or family member 14.34% 2,510
On the job training 32.17% 5,630
Colleague 17.31% 3,030
Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 10.86% 1,901
25-34 years old
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 79.9% 26,102
Online Courses or Certification 51.98% 16,980
School (i.e., University, College, etc) 55.01% 17,970
Books / Physical media 48.27% 15,770
Coding Bootcamp 10.65% 3,478
Friend or family member 11.25% 3,674
On the job training 51.37% 16,781
Colleague 26.73% 8,734
Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 8.74% 2,855
35-44 years old
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 80.39% 16,139
Online Courses or Certification 51.42% 10,323
School (i.e., University, College, etc) 44.34% 8,901
Books / Physical media 61.12% 12,269
Coding Bootcamp 9.08% 1,822
Friend or family member 10.34% 2,075
On the job training 53.85% 10,810
Colleague 27.87% 5,595
Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 6.94% 1,394
45-54 years old
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 79.46% 6,445
Online Courses or Certification 48.53% 3,936
School (i.e., University, College, etc) 37.36% 3,030
Books / Physical media 71.35% 5,787
Coding Bootcamp 7.24% 587
Friend or family member 7.72% 626
On the job training 54.86% 4,450
Colleague 25.41% 2,061
Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 4.88% 396
55-64 years old
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 73.91% 2,430
Online Courses or Certification 45.95% 1,511
School (i.e., University, College, etc) 38.93% 1,280
Books / Physical media 77.07% 2,534
Coding Bootcamp 7.51% 247
Friend or family member 5.47% 180
On the job training 55.2% 1,815
Colleague 21.93% 721
Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 3.22% 106
65 years or older
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 63.83% 713
Online Courses or Certification 36.26% 405
School (i.e., University, College, etc) 40.29% 450
Books / Physical media 80.04% 894
Coding Bootcamp 5.73% 64
Friend or family member 4.74% 53
On the job training 50.4% 563
Colleague 16.03% 179
Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 1.79% 20
How do you learn to code? Select all that apply.

Online resources to learn how to code

Like previous years, technical documentation and Stack Overflow are the top online resources people use when learning to code, with blogs rounding out the top three. Well-written documentation, an active community providing solutions, and regular posts are the trifecta of enabling people to teach themselves about a technology.

Developers see value in a variety of other resources like how-to videos, written tutorials, books, forums—they piece together the resources and formats that work best for their learning style.

70,084 responses
Technical documentation 90.36% 63,329
Stack Overflow 82.56% 57,861
Blogs 76.69% 53,745
How-to videos 60.14% 42,149
Written Tutorials 59.95% 42,012
Video-based Online Courses 49.41% 34,629
Online books 43.42% 30,432
Online forum 42.49% 29,780
Written-based Online Courses 36.11% 25,309
Coding sessions (live or recorded) 28.09% 19,690
Interactive tutorial 26.03% 18,242
Online challenges (e.g., daily or weekly coding challenges) 22.18% 15,544
Certification videos 13.31% 9,326
Auditory material (e.g., podcasts) 7.95% 5,571
Games that teach programming 5.89% 4,131
What online resources do you use to learn to code? Select all that apply.

Online course platforms to learn how to code

Udemy maintains its place as the most popular online course or certification program for learning how to code.

37,076 responses
Udemy 65.53% 24,296
Coursera 34.62% 12,836
Codecademy 24.31% 9,015
Pluralsight 22.83% 8,463
edX 14.93% 5,536
Udacity 10.77% 3,992
Skillsoft 2.03% 754
What online courses or certifications do you use to learn to code? Select all that apply.

Developer Profile

Experience

The majority of developers are in their early to mid-career stage.

Years coding

48% of respondents have been coding for less than ten years.

Australia and the United Kingdom respondents are the most experienced, with an average of 17.5 and 17 years of experience coding respectively.

87,435 responses
Less than 1 year 1.11% 968
1 to 4 years 14.7% 12,855
5 to 9 years 26.44% 23,117
10 to 14 years 19.89% 17,390
15 to 19 years 11.71% 10,238
20 to 24 years 9.47% 8,278
25 to 29 years 5.88% 5,140
30 to 34 years 4.14% 3,623
35 to 39 years 2.71% 2,369
40 to 44 years 2.63% 2,301
45 to 49 years 0.78% 678
More than 50 years 0.55% 478
Including any education, how many years have you been coding in total?
52,244 responses
Australia 17.54 2,037
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 16.98 5,447
United States of America 16.49 18,264
Canada 15.42 3,445
Netherlands 15.42 2,362
Germany 14.71 7,265
France 13.82 2,906
Brazil 12.79 2,014
Poland 12.03 2,405
India 7.79 5,361
Including any education, how many years have you been coding in total?

Years coding professionally

A majority of respondents (71%) have been working for 14 or fewer years as professional developers, and 24% have worked 15 to 29 years. This shows developers in the survey have started to skew more experienced compared to last year where 75% worked 14 or less years and 20% 15-29 years.

66,136 responses
Less than 1 year 2.78% 1,836
1 to 4 years 23.3% 15,408
5 to 9 years 26.53% 17,545
10 to 14 years 18.07% 11,951
15 to 19 years 10.7% 7,074
20 to 24 years 8.22% 5,435
25 to 29 years 4.63% 3,059
30 to 34 years 2.79% 1,845
35 to 39 years 1.63% 1,075
40 to 44 years 0.9% 598
45 to 49 years 0.31% 203
More than 50 years 0.16% 107
NOT including education, how many years have you coded professionally (as a part of your work)?

Years of professional coding experience by developer type

Senior executives have the highest average years of professional coding experience (17.4), followed by desktop or enterprise applications developers (16.4) and educators (15.8).

66,136 responses
Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) 17.43 1,247
Developer, desktop or enterprise applications 16.4 3,471
Educator 15.78 277
Database administrator 15.6 214
Developer Advocate 15.35 189
Engineering manager 15.14 1,948
Product manager 14.94 389
Project manager 14.6 463
Research & Development role 14.3 1,174
Designer 14.23 190
Scientist 12.77 282
Developer Experience 12.7 287
Developer, embedded applications or devices 12.69 1,603
System administrator 12.27 495
Marketing or sales professional 12.04 78
DevOps specialist 11.04 1,210
Security professional 11.03 367
Cloud infrastructure engineer 10.97 939
Engineer, site reliability 10.97 384
Hardware Engineer 10.92 226
Developer, full-stack 10.84 22,216
Developer, back-end 10.77 12,208
Developer, game or graphics 10.38 670
Academic researcher 10.36 874
Data or business analyst 10.02 602
Engineer, data 9.67 1,094
Developer, mobile 9.6 2,225
Blockchain 9.01 255
Developer, QA or test 8.78 483
Developer, front-end 8.03 4,104
Data scientist or machine learning specialist 7.89 1,282
Student 2.82 28
NOT including education, how many years have you coded professionally (as a part of your work)?

Developer Profile

Developer roles

Few developers consider themselves to be a single developer type and instead showcase a diversity of skills.

Developer type

Full-stack, back-end, front-end, and desktop/enterprise app developers continue to account for the majority of all respondents. We asked about developer advocates for the first time this year—almost .3% classify themselves as this type of developer.

76,872 responses
Developer, full-stack 33.48% 25,735
Developer, back-end 17.88% 13,745
Developer, front-end 6.6% 5,071
Developer, desktop or enterprise applications 5.08% 3,904
Developer, mobile 3.38% 2,597
Engineering manager 2.64% 2,033
Student 2.6% 1,996
Developer, embedded applications or devices 2.4% 1,845
Data scientist or machine learning specialist 2.07% 1,588
DevOps specialist 1.8% 1,387
Academic researcher 1.76% 1,354
Research & Development role 1.76% 1,353
Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) 1.73% 1,332
Engineer, data 1.62% 1,248
Cloud infrastructure engineer 1.35% 1,036
Developer, game or graphics 1.13% 866
Data or business analyst 1.09% 837
System administrator 0.97% 743
Project manager 0.77% 589
Developer, QA or test 0.76% 586
Security professional 0.62% 474
Product manager 0.58% 446
Engineer, site reliability 0.56% 427
Educator 0.54% 415
Scientist 0.46% 351
Developer Experience 0.42% 326
Blockchain 0.42% 323
Hardware Engineer 0.37% 286
Designer 0.37% 281
Database administrator 0.33% 257
Developer Advocate 0.28% 212
Marketing or sales professional 0.19% 149
Which of the following describes your current job, the one you do most of the time? Please select only one.

Developer Profile

Key territories

Across the world, developers and technologists turn to Stack Overflow to gain and share knowledge. Our survey received responses from almost every country on Earth.

Geography

The United States and Germany provided the highest volume of survey responses (30% combined), followed by India and UKI (UK and Northern Ireland).

The top ten countries account for 60% of all respondents. Germany overtook India to move into second place this year, a reverse of 2022's placement. Australia broke into the top ten, coming in at ninth and displacing Spain this year.

52,530 responses
United States of America 21.21% 18,647
Germany 8.34% 7,328
India 6.4% 5,625
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 6.32% 5,552
Canada 3.99% 3,507
France 3.34% 2,933
Poland 2.77% 2,435
Netherlands 2.71% 2,383
Australia 2.36% 2,078
Brazil 2.32% 2,042
Where do you live? *
87,973 responses
Response Percentage Responses
United States of America 21.21% 18,647
Germany 8.34% 7,328
India 6.4% 5,625
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 6.32% 5,552
Canada 3.99% 3,507
France 3.34% 2,933
Poland 2.77% 2,435
Netherlands 2.71% 2,383
Australia 2.36% 2,078
Brazil 2.32% 2,042
Italy 2.09% 1,835
Spain 2.09% 1,834
Sweden 1.87% 1,641
Switzerland 1.31% 1,149
Russian Federation 1.24% 1,094
Czech Republic 1.22% 1,072
Austria 1.18% 1,033
Israel 1.05% 921
Belgium 1.01% 888
Turkey 1% 881
Ukraine 0.99% 873
Denmark 0.97% 850
Romania 0.94% 829
Portugal 0.85% 749
Norway 0.83% 732
Finland 0.83% 726
New Zealand 0.76% 672
China 0.75% 657
Greece 0.72% 631
Hungary 0.69% 607
Mexico 0.69% 605
Pakistan 0.68% 596
Argentina 0.66% 579
Iran, Islamic Republic of... 0.66% 577
South Africa 0.65% 573
Indonesia 0.56% 493
Bangladesh 0.56% 490
Bulgaria 0.55% 482
Colombia 0.53% 465
Ireland 0.53% 464
Nigeria 0.51% 447
Serbia 0.47% 417
Viet Nam 0.44% 390
Japan 0.41% 362
Philippines 0.4% 354
Slovakia 0.4% 352
Lithuania 0.36% 317
Singapore 0.34% 298
Egypt 0.34% 296
Croatia 0.33% 290
Slovenia 0.31% 271
Malaysia 0.3% 264
Chile 0.28% 248
Kenya 0.28% 244
Taiwan 0.27% 239
Estonia 0.27% 234
Sri Lanka 0.25% 217
Thailand 0.25% 216
Nepal 0.24% 212
Hong Kong (S.A.R.) 0.23% 205
South Korea 0.23% 204
United Arab Emirates 0.2% 178
Latvia 0.2% 174
Georgia 0.19% 166
Morocco 0.16% 145
Peru 0.16% 141
Uruguay 0.15% 133
Belarus 0.15% 128
Armenia 0.13% 114
Tunisia 0.12% 107
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of... 0.12% 106
Saudi Arabia 0.12% 104
Kazakhstan 0.1% 91
Ecuador 0.1% 90
Ghana 0.1% 90
Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.1% 87
Costa Rica 0.1% 86
Ethiopia 0.1% 86
Republic of Korea 0.1% 86
Algeria 0.1% 85
Cyprus 0.1% 84
Jordan 0.08% 72
Luxembourg 0.08% 72
Dominican Republic 0.08% 71
Lebanon 0.08% 66
Afghanistan 0.07% 64
Uzbekistan 0.07% 64
Albania 0.07% 60
Guatemala 0.07% 60
Uganda 0.07% 60
Iceland 0.06% 57
Azerbaijan 0.06% 53
Iraq 0.06% 51
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 0.06% 51
Republic of Moldova 0.06% 50
Malta 0.05% 46
Bolivia 0.05% 42
Myanmar 0.05% 42
Paraguay 0.05% 42
Montenegro 0.04% 38
Syrian Arab Republic 0.04% 37
United Republic of Tanzania 0.04% 36
El Salvador 0.04% 34
Zimbabwe 0.04% 34
Cuba 0.04% 33
Cambodia 0.03% 30
Cameroon 0.03% 30
Nicaragua 0.03% 30
Mauritius 0.03% 28
Kosovo 0.03% 27
Rwanda 0.03% 27
Honduras 0.03% 26
Zambia 0.03% 26
Kyrgyzstan 0.03% 25
Palestine 0.03% 24
Panama 0.03% 24
Jamaica 0.02% 21
Malawi 0.02% 21
Mongolia 0.02% 21
Madagascar 0.02% 20
Yemen 0.02% 20
Bahrain 0.02% 19
Trinidad and Tobago 0.02% 19
Kuwait 0.02% 18
Benin 0.02% 17
Andorra 0.02% 16
Qatar 0.02% 16
Somalia 0.02% 15
Côte d'Ivoire 0.02% 14
Angola 0.01% 13
Isle of Man 0.01% 13
Senegal 0.01% 13
Maldives 0.01% 12
Oman 0.01% 11
Swaziland 0.01% 11
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 0.01% 10
Turkmenistan 0.01% 10
Mozambique 0.01% 9
Fiji 0.01% 8
Sierra Leone 0.01% 8
Sudan 0.01% 8
Antigua and Barbuda 0.01% 7
Barbados 0.01% 6
Botswana 0.01% 6
Mali 0.01% 6
Togo 0.01% 6
Belize 0.01% 5
Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.01% 5
Mauritania 0.01% 5
Tajikistan 0.01% 5
Burkina Faso 0% 4
Haiti 0% 4
Lesotho 0% 4
Namibia 0% 4
Niger 0% 4
North Korea 0% 4
Suriname 0% 4
Bhutan 0% 3
Brunei Darussalam 0% 3
Guyana 0% 3
Lao People's Democratic Republic 0% 3
Liberia 0% 3
Palau 0% 3
Bahamas 0% 2
Burundi 0% 2
Cape Verde 0% 2
Congo, Republic of the... 0% 2
Djibouti 0% 2
Dominica 0% 2
Gabon 0% 2
Guinea 0% 2
Monaco 0% 2
Saint Lucia 0% 2
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0% 2
Timor-Leste 0% 2
Central African Republic 0% 1
Grenada 0% 1
Guinea-Bissau 0% 1
Liechtenstein 0% 1
Marshall Islands 0% 1
Saint Kitts and Nevis 0% 1
Samoa 0% 1
San Marino 0% 1
Where do you live? *

Developer Profile

Demographics

We reduced the number of demographic questions this year, only asking about age.

Age

43% of Professional Developers are 25-34 years old. But we see that more than half of the respondents learning to code are 18-24 years old.

89,184 responses
Under 18 years old 4.63% 4,128
18-24 years old 20.11% 17,931
25-34 years old 37.28% 33,247
35-44 years old 23.02% 20,532
45-54 years old 9.34% 8,334
55-64 years old 3.8% 3,392
65 years or older 1.31% 1,171
Prefer not to say 0.5% 449
What is your age? *
67,237 responses
Under 18 years old 0.63% 422
18-24 years old 16.36% 11,002
25-34 years old 42.9% 28,848
35-44 years old 25.74% 17,304
45-54 years old 9.65% 6,487
55-64 years old 3.64% 2,449
65 years or older 0.88% 594
Prefer not to say 0.19% 131
What is your age? *
4,961 responses
Under 18 years old 17.96% 891
18-24 years old 55.09% 2,733
25-34 years old 16.33% 810
35-44 years old 6.33% 314
45-54 years old 2.28% 113
55-64 years old 0.97% 48
65 years or older 0.24% 12
Prefer not to say 0.81% 40
What is your age? *
5,159 responses
Under 18 years old 18.1% 934
18-24 years old 23.96% 1,236
25-34 years old 22.04% 1,137
35-44 years old 16.4% 846
45-54 years old 10.18% 525
55-64 years old 5.1% 263
65 years or older 3.14% 162
Prefer not to say 1.09% 56
What is your age? *

Technology

Each year we explore the tools and technologies developers are currently using and the ones they want to use.

This year, we included new questions about AI tools.

We also introduce a new way to look at the relationship between Worked With vs. Want to Work With, calling this Admired and Desired.