---
title: "Technology data 2026"
url: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data
year: 2026
chapter: "technology"
licence: "ODbL 1.0 (https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1-0/)"
---

# Technology data 2026

What's your favorite tech? It wouldn’t be a Stack Overflow Developer Survey if we didn’t include our technology leaderboard!

## 3.1 Most popular technologies

### Users using technology

Used less than other technologies surveyed this year, only 23% use technology related to security

Asked as: In the last 12 months, has your role at work, school, or in personal projects intersected with any of the following types of settings involving technology? We are going to ask you about to ask you about tools you used within each setting next. Select all that apply. (`TechDropDown`, multi select, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 16,241

_Subject areas listed here correspond to questions that follow_

|  | Respondents | Percent |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| I used a programming, scripting, or markup language for any reason | 13,697 | 84.3% |
| I used a development environment (IDE) to write code or interact with agent-assisted developer tools | 12,423 | 76.5% |
| I used a database for storage, querying, deployment | 11,910 | 73.3% |
| I used an LLM (large language model) | 11,655 | 71.8% |
| I built, maintained or learned about web technologies | 10,176 | 62.7% |
| I used a knowledge management platform (such as a wiki) | 10,074 | 62.0% |
| I used a cloud platform or any tools related to cloud technologies | 9,659 | 59.5% |
| I used a community platform or online public forum to search, comment, post to, or read from for technology-related content | 9,062 | 55.8% |
| I used an enterprise search platform (a secure way to search for disparate internal content) | 3,987 | 24.6% |
| I used security software for permissions and compliance operations | 3,755 | 23.1% |
| None of these | 364 | 2.2% |
| Other | 197 | 1.2% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/tech-drop-down.md

### Programming, scripting, and markup languages

Top used programming languages features JavaScript at the top of the list for 12th year in a row

Asked as: Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, which do you want to work with over the next year, and which have you used AI tools or AI agents to work with? Select all that apply in each row. (`Languages`, scale, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 14,099

|  | Respondents | Percent |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| JavaScript | 8,742 | 62.0% |
| SQL | 8,237 | 58.4% |
| HTML/CSS | 8,212 | 58.2% |
| Python | 8,184 | 58.0% |
| Bash/Shell (all shells) | 7,231 | 51.3% |
| TypeScript | 6,171 | 43.8% |
| Java | 3,885 | 27.6% |
| C# | 3,826 | 27.1% |
| PowerShell | 3,472 | 24.6% |
| C++ | 3,425 | 24.3% |
| C | 3,070 | 21.8% |
| Rust | 2,542 | 18.0% |
| PHP | 2,490 | 17.7% |
| Go | 2,332 | 16.5% |
| Kotlin | 1,524 | 10.8% |
| Lua | 1,327 | 9.4% |
| Assembly | 1,020 | 7.2% |
| Swift | 831 | 5.9% |
| Ruby | 823 | 5.8% |
| Other | 733 | 5.2% |
| Dart | 697 | 4.9% |
| R | 639 | 4.5% |
| Nix | 623 | 4.4% |
| GDScript | 571 | 4.0% |
| Visual Basic (.Net) | 557 | 4.0% |
| VBA | 552 | 3.9% |
| Groovy | 544 | 3.9% |
| Perl | 538 | 3.8% |
| MATLAB | 513 | 3.6% |
| Zig | 398 | 2.8% |
| MicroPython | 384 | 2.7% |
| Lisp | 368 | 2.6% |
| Elixir | 367 | 2.6% |
| Objective-C | 357 | 2.5% |
| Haskell | 324 | 2.3% |
| Scala | 309 | 2.2% |
| Delphi | 267 | 1.9% |
| Fortran | 239 | 1.7% |
| Erlang | 218 | 1.5% |
| Julia | 211 | 1.5% |
| Clojure | 187 | 1.3% |
| Gleam | 176 | 1.2% |
| Ada | 172 | 1.2% |
| F# | 172 | 1.2% |
| OCaml | 165 | 1.2% |
| COBOL | 150 | 1.1% |
| Prolog | 129 | 0.9% |
| Solidity | 118 | 0.8% |
| Mojo | 82 | 0.6% |
| Odin | 34 | 0.2% |
| Elm | 17 | 0.1% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/languages.md

### Programming, scripting, and markup languages

Asked as: Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, which do you want to work with over the next year, and which have you used AI tools or AI agents to work with? Select all that apply in each row. (`Languages`, scale, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 14,099

|  | JavaScript | SQL | Python | TypeScript | Java | C# | C++ | C | PHP | Go | Lua | Assembly | Swift | Ruby | R | Visual Basic (.Net) | VBA | Groovy | Perl | MATLAB | Objective-C | Haskell | Scala | HTML/CSS | Bash/Shell (all shells) | Kotlin | Rust | Dart | Elixir | Clojure | Julia | PowerShell | Lisp | Delphi | Erlang | F# | COBOL | Fortran | OCaml | Solidity | GDScript | Zig | Ada | Prolog | MicroPython | Gleam | Mojo |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| 2017 | 61.9% | 50.8% | 31.7% | 9.4% | 39.3% | 33.8% | 22.1% | 18.9% | 28.1% | 4.2% | 2.8% | 4.9% | 6.4% | 9.0% | 4.4% | 6.2% | 4.3% | 3.2% | 4.3% | 4.2% | 6.4% | 1.8% | 3.5% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2018 | 69.8% | 57.0% | 38.8% | 17.4% | 45.3% | 34.4% | 24.4% | 23.0% | 30.7% | 7.1% |  | 7.4% | 8.1% | 10.1% | 6.1% | 6.7% | 4.9% | 4.3% | 4.2% | 5.8% | 7.0% |  | 4.4% | 68.5% | 39.8% | 4.5% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2019 | 67.8% | 54.4% | 41.7% | 21.2% | 41.1% | 31.0% | 23.5% | 20.6% | 26.4% | 8.2% |  | 6.7% | 6.6% | 8.4% | 5.8% |  | 5.5% |  |  |  | 4.8% |  | 3.8% | 63.5% | 36.6% | 6.4% | 3.2% | 1.9% | 1.4% | 1.4% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2020 | 67.7% | 54.7% | 44.1% | 25.4% | 40.2% | 31.4% | 23.9% | 21.8% | 26.2% | 8.8% |  | 6.2% | 5.9% | 7.1% | 5.7% |  | 6.1% |  | 3.1% |  | 4.1% | 2.1% | 3.6% | 63.1% | 33.1% | 7.8% | 5.1% | 4.0% |  |  | 0.9% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2021 | 65.0% | 47.1% | 48.2% | 30.2% | 35.4% | 27.9% | 24.3% | 21.0% | 22.0% | 9.6% |  | 5.6% | 5.1% | 6.8% | 5.1% |  | 4.7% | 3.0% | 2.5% | 4.7% | 2.8% | 2.2% | 2.6% | 56.1% | 27.1% | 7.0% | 8.3% | 6.0% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 1.3% | 10.8% | 1.3% | 2.1% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 0.5% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2022 | 65.4% | 49.4% | 48.1% | 34.8% | 33.3% | 28.0% | 22.6% | 19.3% | 12.1% | 11.2% | 4.0% | 5.5% | 4.9% | 6.1% | 4.7% |  | 4.5% | 3.3% | 2.3% | 4.1% | 2.4% | 2.2% | 2.6% | 55.1% | 29.1% | 9.2% | 9.3% | 6.5% | 2.2% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 12.1% | 1.3% | 3.3% | 0.9% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 1.5% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2023 | 63.6% | 48.7% | 49.3% | 38.9% | 30.6% | 27.6% | 22.4% | 19.3% | 18.6% | 13.2% | 6.1% | 5.4% | 4.7% | 6.2% | 4.2% | 4.1% | 3.6% | 3.4% | 2.5% | 3.8% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 2.8% | 53.0% | 32.4% | 9.1% | 13.1% | 6.0% | 2.3% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 13.6% | 1.5% | 3.2% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 1.3% | 1.7% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.9% |  |  |  |
| 2024 | 62.3% | 51.0% | 51.0% | 38.5% | 30.3% | 27.1% | 23.0% | 20.3% | 18.2% | 13.5% | 6.2% | 5.4% | 4.7% | 5.2% | 4.3% | 4.2% | 3.7% | 3.3% | 2.5% | 4.0% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 2.6% | 52.9% | 33.9% | 9.4% | 12.6% | 6.0% | 2.1% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 13.8% | 1.5% | 1.8% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 1.1% | 2.3% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 1.6% |  |  |
| 2025 | 66.0% | 58.6% | 57.9% | 43.6% | 29.4% | 27.8% | 23.5% | 22.0% | 18.8% | 16.4% | 9.2% | 7.1% | 5.4% | 6.4% | 4.9% | 4.4% | 4.2% | 4.8% | 3.8% | 3.9% |  |  | 2.7% | 61.9% | 48.7% | 10.8% | 14.9% | 5.9% | 2.7% |  |  | 23.2% | 2.4% | 2.5% | 1.5% | 1.3% | 1.0% | 1.4% | 1.2% |  | 3.3% | 2.1% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 2.3% | 1.1% | 0.5% |
| 2026 | 62.0% | 58.4% | 58.0% | 43.8% | 27.6% | 27.1% | 24.3% | 21.8% | 17.7% | 16.5% | 9.4% | 7.2% | 5.9% | 5.8% | 4.5% | 4.0% | 3.9% | 3.9% | 3.8% | 3.6% | 2.5% | 2.3% | 2.2% | 58.2% | 51.3% | 10.8% | 18.0% | 4.9% | 2.6% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 24.6% | 2.6% | 1.9% | 1.5% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 1.7% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 4.0% | 2.8% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 2.7% | 1.2% | 0.6% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/languages-timeseries.md

### Code Testing tools

ESLint is widely used in this survey due to its direct ties to JavaScript.  Did you know that ESLint is an open source project with more than 1K contributors?  See more at [github.com/eslint/eslint](https://github.com/eslint/eslint)

Asked as: Which tools for code testing, reliability, and maintainability have you done extensive development work in over the past year? Which do you want to work in over the next year? If you worked with the tool and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row. (`CodeTest`, scale, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 10,604

|  | Respondents | Percent |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| ESLint | 3,935 | 37.1% |
| Postman / Newman | 3,453 | 32.6% |
| pytest | 2,972 | 28.0% |
| Playwright | 2,642 | 24.9% |
| JUnit | 2,274 | 21.4% |
| Jest | 2,205 | 20.8% |
| Vitest | 2,053 | 19.4% |
| SonarQube / SonarCloud | 1,990 | 18.8% |
| Sentry | 1,472 | 13.9% |
| Selenium | 1,272 | 12.0% |
| Datadog | 1,180 | 11.1% |
| xUnit.net | 1,132 | 10.7% |
| NUnit | 921 | 8.7% |
| Cypress | 869 | 8.2% |
| Testcontainers | 827 | 7.8% |
| Other | 696 | 6.6% |
| JaCoCo | 635 | 6.0% |
| CodeRabbit | 605 | 5.7% |
| BrowserStack | 576 | 5.4% |
| Codecov | 553 | 5.2% |
| Mocha | 545 | 5.1% |
| CodeQL | 539 | 5.1% |
| Snyk Code | 538 | 5.1% |
| Cucumber | 508 | 4.8% |
| k6 | 391 | 3.7% |
| New Relic | 387 | 3.6% |
| RSpec | 387 | 3.6% |
| Semgrep | 252 | 2.4% |
| TestNG | 240 | 2.3% |
| Robot Framework | 226 | 2.1% |
| Graphite | 223 | 2.1% |
| Appium | 203 | 1.9% |
| Canary | 162 | 1.5% |
| Greptile | 130 | 1.2% |
| DeepSource | 121 | 1.1% |
| Qodo | 109 | 1.0% |
| PHPUnit | 88 | 0.8% |
| Sourcery | 88 | 0.8% |
| Ellipsis | 82 | 0.8% |
| Bruno | 60 | 0.6% |
| GoogleTest | 56 | 0.5% |
| MSTest | 47 | 0.4% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/code-test.md

### Databases

Ubiquitous Developer Adoption: Bryan Clark (Director of Product for LakeBase at Databricks) recalls observing this massive shift during his time at GitHub: "...inside GitHub, you could see every developer was switching to start using Postgres..." Listen to [his interview](https://stackoverflow.blog/2026/06/09/checkpoints-by-gaslighting-postgres-database/) on the Stack Overflow Podcast.

Asked as: Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year? Which do you want to work in over the next year? If you worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row. (`Databases`, scale, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 12,061

|  | Respondents | Percent |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| PostgreSQL | 6,984 | 57.9% |
| SQLite | 5,083 | 42.1% |
| MySQL | 4,235 | 35.1% |
| Redis | 3,414 | 28.3% |
| Microsoft SQL Server | 3,270 | 27.1% |
| MariaDB | 2,446 | 20.3% |
| MongoDB | 2,297 | 19.0% |
| Elasticsearch | 1,784 | 14.8% |
| Oracle | 1,135 | 9.4% |
| Dynamodb | 1,116 | 9.3% |
| Supabase | 933 | 7.7% |
| BigQuery | 809 | 6.7% |
| DuckDB | 690 | 5.7% |
| Valkey | 603 | 5.0% |
| Cloud Firestore | 582 | 4.8% |
| Other | 575 | 4.8% |
| H2 | 564 | 4.7% |
| Snowflake | 542 | 4.5% |
| Cosmos DB | 513 | 4.3% |
| Databricks SQL | 510 | 4.2% |
| Firebase Realtime Database | 504 | 4.2% |
| Microsoft Access | 483 | 4.0% |
| InfluxDB | 432 | 3.6% |
| Clickhouse | 429 | 3.6% |
| Neo4J | 332 | 2.8% |
| Cassandra | 300 | 2.5% |
| IBM DB2 | 269 | 2.2% |
| Amazon Redshift | 268 | 2.2% |
| Pocketbase | 129 | 1.1% |
| Cockroachdb | 117 | 1.0% |
| Datomic | 64 | 0.5% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/databases.md

### Databases

Asked as: Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year? Which do you want to work in over the next year? If you worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row. (`Databases`, scale, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 12,061

|  | PostgreSQL | SQLite | MySQL | Redis | Microsoft SQL Server | MariaDB | MongoDB | Elasticsearch | Oracle | BigQuery | Cosmos DB | Neo4J | Cassandra | IBM DB2 | Dynamodb | Firebase Realtime Database | Cloud Firestore | Supabase | DuckDB | H2 | Snowflake | Microsoft Access | InfluxDB | Clickhouse | Cockroachdb | Datomic | Databricks SQL | Valkey | Amazon Redshift | Pocketbase |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| 2018 | 32.9% | 19.7% | 58.7% | 18.0% | 41.2% | 13.4% | 25.9% | 14.1% | 11.1% | 2.1% | 7.9% | 2.4% | 3.7% | 2.5% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2019 | 34.3% | 31.6% | 54.0% | 18.6% | 32.8% | 16.5% | 25.5% | 14.3% | 16.5% |  |  |  | 3.5% |  | 6.2% | 12.8% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2020 | 36.1% | 31.2% | 55.6% | 18.3% | 33.0% | 16.8% | 26.4% | 13.8% | 16.5% |  |  |  | 3.3% | 2.9% | 7.1% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2021 | 40.4% | 32.2% | 50.2% | 20.7% | 26.9% | 17.2% | 27.7% | 13.3% | 12.6% |  |  |  | 2.7% | 2.0% | 7.3% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2022 | 43.6% | 32.0% | 46.9% | 22.1% | 26.9% | 17.9% | 28.3% | 12.2% | 11.5% |  |  | 2.1% | 2.7% | 2.0% | 8.3% | 8.7% | 7.5% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2023 | 45.6% | 30.9% | 41.1% | 20.4% | 25.5% | 17.6% | 25.5% | 13.4% | 9.8% | 4.5% | 3.5% | 1.9% | 2.5% | 1.9% | 8.9% | 6.4% | 6.4% | 2.8% | 0.6% | 3.7% | 2.4% | 4.3% | 2.7% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.3% |  |  |  |  |
| 2024 | 48.7% | 33.1% | 40.3% | 20.0% | 25.3% | 17.2% | 24.8% | 12.5% | 10.1% | 4.8% | 3.3% | 1.9% | 2.4% | 1.7% | 7.9% | 5.8% | 5.4% | 4.0% | 1.4% | 3.8% | 2.6% | 4.2% | 2.5% | 1.7% | 1.0% | 0.4% | 1.9% |  |  |  |
| 2025 | 55.6% | 37.5% | 40.5% | 28.0% | 30.1% | 22.5% | 24.0% | 16.7% | 10.6% | 6.5% | 4.6% | 2.7% | 2.9% | 2.4% | 9.8% | 5.0% | 5.7% | 6.0% | 3.3% | 5.0% | 4.1% | 4.8% | 3.7% | 2.4% | 1.0% | 0.6% | 3.4% | 2.4% | 2.3% | 1.0% |
| 2026 | 57.9% | 42.1% | 35.1% | 28.3% | 27.1% | 20.3% | 19.0% | 14.8% | 9.4% | 6.7% | 4.3% | 2.8% | 2.5% | 2.2% | 9.3% | 4.2% | 4.8% | 7.7% | 5.7% | 4.7% | 4.5% | 4.0% | 3.6% | 3.6% | 1.0% | 0.5% | 4.2% | 5.0% | 2.2% | 1.1% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/databases-timeseries.md

### Cloud development

Cloudflare usage is up this year compared to last (25% vs. 20%) - is it due to the increase in bot activity which Cloudflare works to safeguard against?

Asked as: Which cloud platforms, containerization/orchestration tools, package managers, build tools, and infrastructure as code solutions have you done extensive development work in over the past year? Which do you want to work in over the next year? If you worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row. (`CloudPlat`, scale, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 10,889

|  | Respondents | Percent |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| Docker / Docker Compose | 6,440 | 59.1% |
| npm | 5,945 | 54.6% |
| pip | 4,587 | 42.1% |
| Amazon Web Services (AWS) | 4,549 | 41.8% |
| Vite | 3,059 | 28.1% |
| Homebrew | 2,978 | 27.3% |
| Kubernetes | 2,836 | 26.0% |
| Microsoft Azure | 2,737 | 25.1% |
| Cloudflare | 2,680 | 24.6% |
| Google Cloud | 2,663 | 24.5% |
| uv | 2,534 | 23.3% |
| Make | 2,479 | 22.8% |
| pnpm | 2,065 | 19.0% |
| NuGet | 2,026 | 18.6% |
| Terraform | 1,998 | 18.3% |
| Yarn | 1,823 | 16.7% |
| APT | 1,813 | 16.6% |
| Cargo | 1,770 | 16.3% |
| Maven | 1,667 | 15.3% |
| CMake | 1,626 | 14.9% |
| Gradle | 1,611 | 14.8% |
| Webpack | 1,603 | 14.7% |
| Podman | 1,415 | 13.0% |
| Helm | 1,352 | 12.4% |
| Ansible | 1,302 | 12.0% |
| Winget | 1,300 | 11.9% |
| MSBuild | 1,286 | 11.8% |
| Firebase | 1,204 | 11.1% |
| Vercel | 1,166 | 10.7% |
| Chocolatey | 1,053 | 9.7% |
| DigitalOcean | 1,040 | 9.6% |
| Composer | 1,002 | 9.2% |
| Pacman | 995 | 9.1% |
| Bun | 949 | 8.7% |
| Hetzner Cloud | 849 | 7.8% |
| Poetry | 801 | 7.4% |
| Supabase | 756 | 6.9% |
| Conda | 721 | 6.6% |
| Nix | 622 | 5.7% |
| Netlify | 615 | 5.6% |
| Ninja | 573 | 5.3% |
| RubyGems / Bundler | 503 | 4.6% |
| Rancher | 480 | 4.4% |
| Other | 459 | 4.2% |
| Heroku | 397 | 3.6% |
| OpenTofu | 388 | 3.6% |
| OVHcloud | 361 | 3.3% |
| Fly.io | 352 | 3.2% |
| OpenShift | 345 | 3.2% |
| Render | 330 | 3.0% |
| Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) | 308 | 2.8% |
| Bazel | 291 | 2.7% |
| Railway | 282 | 2.6% |
| Pulumi | 218 | 2.0% |
| Vultr | 170 | 1.6% |
| Scaleway | 151 | 1.4% |
| IBM Cloud | 145 | 1.3% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/cloud-plat.md

### Web frameworks and technologies

46% have used Node and 42% have used React, these are the top 2 web frameworks being used in this year's survey and last year's.

Asked as: Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year? Which do you want to work in over the next year? If you worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row. (`WebFramework`, scale, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 10,281

|  | Respondents | Percent |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| Node.js | 4,769 | 46.4% |
| React | 4,265 | 41.5% |
| Next.js | 2,117 | 20.6% |
| ASP.NET Core | 2,045 | 19.9% |
| jQuery | 2,028 | 19.7% |
| FastAPI | 1,903 | 18.5% |
| Vue.js | 1,773 | 17.2% |
| Angular | 1,642 | 16.0% |
| Express | 1,604 | 15.6% |
| ASP.NET | 1,428 | 13.9% |
| WordPress | 1,365 | 13.3% |
| Spring Boot | 1,314 | 12.8% |
| Flask | 1,284 | 12.5% |
| Django | 1,160 | 11.3% |
| Svelte | 802 | 7.8% |
| Laravel | 785 | 7.6% |
| Blazor | 692 | 6.7% |
| Astro | 634 | 6.2% |
| AngularJS | 612 | 6.0% |
| Other | 604 | 5.9% |
| NestJS | 600 | 5.8% |
| Ruby on Rails | 583 | 5.7% |
| SvelteKit | 576 | 5.6% |
| htmx | 555 | 5.4% |
| Nuxt.js | 454 | 4.4% |
| Deno | 416 | 4.0% |
| Symfony | 413 | 4.0% |
| Axum | 374 | 3.6% |
| Fastify | 355 | 3.5% |
| Hono | 287 | 2.8% |
| Phoenix | 262 | 2.5% |
| Drupal | 207 | 2.0% |
| Preact | 193 | 1.9% |
| Remix | 177 | 1.7% |
| SolidJS | 155 | 1.5% |
| Koa | 92 | 0.9% |
| Quarkus | 26 | 0.3% |
| Flutter | 24 | 0.2% |
| Leptos | 22 | 0.2% |
| Lit | 20 | 0.2% |
| Lustre | 20 | 0.2% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/web-framework.md

### Web frameworks and technologies

Asked as: Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year? Which do you want to work in over the next year? If you worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row. (`WebFramework`, scale, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 10,281

|  | Node.js | React | jQuery | Vue.js | Angular | ASP.NET | WordPress | Flask | Django | Laravel | Ruby on Rails | Symfony | Drupal | FastAPI | Express | Svelte | AngularJS | Next.js | Blazor | Nuxt.js | Deno | Fastify | Phoenix | Spring Boot | NestJS | Remix | Lit | Astro | ASP.NET Core | Axum |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| 2020 | 51.4% | 35.9% | 43.3% | 17.3% | 25.1% | 21.9% | 14.2% | 14.2% | 14.2% | 11.1% | 7.0% | 4.4% | 3.2% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2021 | 33.9% | 40.1% | 34.4% | 19.0% | 23.0% | 15.7% |  | 16.1% | 15.0% | 10.1% | 7.0% | 3.9% | 2.4% | 3.9% | 23.8% | 2.8% | 11.5% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2022 | 47.1% | 42.6% | 28.6% | 18.8% | 20.4% | 14.9% |  | 14.6% | 14.7% | 9.5% | 5.8% | 3.6% | 2.2% | 6.0% | 23.0% | 4.6% | 9.0% | 13.5% | 4.5% | 3.8% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 2.1% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2023 | 42.7% | 40.6% | 22.0% | 16.4% | 17.5% | 12.8% | 13.4% | 12.2% | 11.5% | 7.6% | 5.5% | 3.2% | 1.9% | 7.4% | 19.3% | 6.6% | 7.2% | 16.7% | 4.9% | 3.7% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 12.0% | 5.1% | 1.3% | 0.7% |  |  |  |
| 2024 | 40.8% | 39.5% | 21.4% | 15.4% | 17.1% | 12.9% | 11.8% | 12.9% | 12.0% | 7.9% | 4.7% | 3.2% | 1.9% | 9.9% | 17.8% | 6.5% | 6.8% | 17.9% | 4.9% | 3.6% | 1.9% | 2.2% | 1.9% | 12.7% | 5.8% | 1.6% |  | 3.0% |  |  |
| 2025 | 48.7% | 44.7% | 23.4% | 17.6% | 18.2% | 14.2% | 13.6% | 14.4% | 12.6% | 8.9% | 5.9% | 4.0% | 2.2% | 14.8% | 19.9% | 7.2% | 7.3% | 20.8% | 7.0% | 4.0% | 4.1% | 2.9% | 2.4% | 14.7% | 6.7% |  |  | 4.5% | 19.7% | 2.8% |
| 2026 | 46.4% | 41.5% | 19.7% | 17.2% | 16.0% | 13.9% | 13.3% | 12.5% | 11.3% | 7.6% | 5.7% | 4.0% | 2.0% | 18.5% | 15.6% | 7.8% | 6.0% | 20.6% | 6.7% | 4.4% | 4.0% | 3.5% | 2.5% | 12.8% | 5.8% | 1.7% | 0.2% | 6.2% | 19.9% | 3.6% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/web-framework-timeseries.md

### LLMs

Most everyone uses Anthropic and OpenAI models, open-weight models from DeepSeek and Alibaba Qwen models are being used more, too.

Asked as: Which LLM model vendors for AI tools have you used for work in the past year? Which would you like to use next year? Select all that apply. (`LLM`, scale, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 11,895

|  | Respondents | Percent |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| Anthropic | 8,871 | 74.6% |
| OpenAI | 8,834 | 74.3% |
| Google AI | 6,483 | 54.5% |
| Microsoft | 3,142 | 26.4% |
| DeepSeek | 2,253 | 18.9% |
| Alibaba Qwen | 1,203 | 10.1% |
| Mistral AI | 1,162 | 9.8% |
| xAI | 906 | 7.6% |
| Meta AI | 754 | 6.3% |
| Moonshot AI | 479 | 4.0% |
| Other | 427 | 3.6% |
| Zhipu AI | 263 | 2.2% |
| Snowflake | 234 | 2.0% |
| Databricks (DBRX) | 194 | 1.6% |
| Black Forest Labs | 120 | 1.0% |
| Cohere | 112 | 0.9% |
| Stability AI | 102 | 0.9% |
| Voyage AI (MongoDB) | 92 | 0.8% |
| Cascade | 82 | 0.7% |
| 01.AI | 56 | 0.5% |
| Luel | 41 | 0.3% |
| Guide Labs | 39 | 0.3% |
| Reka | 39 | 0.3% |
| Minimax | 13 | 0.1% |
| GLM | 4 | 0.0% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/llm.md

### Dev IDEs

VS Code is still the most used IDE despite AI disruptors; usage has remained at or above 71% since 2021

Asked as: Which development environments and code editors did you use regularly over the past year? Which do you want to use over the next year? Please check all that apply. (`DevIDE`, scale, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 13,193

|  | Respondents | Percent |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| Visual Studio Code | 9,350 | 70.9% |
| Notepad++ | 3,673 | 27.8% |
| Visual Studio | 3,643 | 27.6% |
| Vim | 3,586 | 27.2% |
| IntelliJ IDEA | 3,201 | 24.3% |
| Cursor | 1,971 | 14.9% |
| Neovim | 1,939 | 14.7% |
| Android Studio | 1,880 | 14.2% |
| PyCharm | 1,783 | 13.5% |
| Nano | 1,600 | 12.1% |
| Zed | 1,504 | 11.4% |
| Jupyter Notebook/JupyterLab | 1,498 | 11.4% |
| Xcode | 1,322 | 10.0% |
| Sublime Text | 1,290 | 9.8% |
| VSCodium | 1,017 | 7.7% |
| Rider | 924 | 7.0% |
| Eclipse | 910 | 6.9% |
| WebStorm | 879 | 6.7% |
| GitHub Codespaces | 876 | 6.6% |
| PhpStorm | 743 | 5.6% |
| Emacs | 697 | 5.3% |
| CLion | 630 | 4.8% |
| Other | 551 | 4.2% |
| RustRover | 460 | 3.5% |
| GoLand | 452 | 3.4% |
| Windsurf | 423 | 3.2% |
| Kiro | 365 | 2.8% |
| Replit | 283 | 2.1% |
| NetBeans | 280 | 2.1% |
| Helix | 182 | 1.4% |
| RubyMine | 180 | 1.4% |
| Trae | 90 | 0.7% |
| Antigravity | 58 | 0.4% |
| R Studio | 52 | 0.4% |
| Kate | 44 | 0.3% |
| BBEdit | 29 | 0.2% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/dev-ide.md

## 3.2 Admired and Desired

### Programming, scripting, and markup languages

26% want to use Rust, 67% of Rust users want to continue using Rust

Asked as: Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, which do you want to work with over the next year, and which have you used AI tools or AI agents to work with? Select all that apply in each row. (`Languages`, scale, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 14,099

_Desired = "Want to use" / Admired = "Have used" & "Want to use"_

|  | Desired | Admired |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| Python | 33.4% | 50.6% |
| SQL | 32.0% | 51.4% |
| HTML/CSS | 29.0% | 47.8% |
| JavaScript | 27.8% | 42.0% |
| TypeScript | 27.5% | 53.0% |
| Rust | 26.3% | 67.4% |
| Bash/Shell (all shells) | 25.8% | 48.1% |
| Go | 17.7% | 49.5% |
| C# | 16.5% | 50.0% |
| C++ | 15.8% | 45.8% |
| C | 14.2% | 45.9% |
| Java | 13.1% | 38.5% |
| Kotlin | 9.4% | 43.1% |
| PowerShell | 8.7% | 31.5% |
| Zig | 8.0% | 58.3% |
| PHP | 7.6% | 35.7% |
| Assembly | 6.8% | 48.3% |
| Lua | 6.4% | 40.8% |
| Swift | 5.3% | 48.5% |
| Elixir | 4.7% | 62.1% |
| Haskell | 4.5% | 47.8% |
| Nix | 4.3% | 56.8% |
| Ruby | 4.1% | 42.4% |
| Dart | 4.1% | 42.3% |
| GDScript | 4.0% | 53.8% |
| Lisp | 3.5% | 55.4% |
| R | 3.3% | 40.7% |
| Erlang | 2.8% | 49.1% |
| Gleam | 2.7% | 52.3% |
| OCaml | 2.6% | 51.5% |
| Julia | 2.5% | 47.4% |
| Clojure | 2.5% | 48.7% |
| Scala | 2.5% | 39.2% |
| MicroPython | 2.4% | 37.0% |
| F# | 2.3% | 48.3% |
| Perl | 2.2% | 30.7% |
| Ada | 1.8% | 38.4% |
| Visual Basic (.Net) | 1.8% | 25.5% |
| MATLAB | 1.8% | 24.4% |
| Fortran | 1.7% | 33.1% |
| Groovy | 1.7% | 21.9% |
| Mojo | 1.5% | 45.1% |
| Prolog | 1.5% | 34.1% |
| Objective-C | 1.5% | 21.3% |
| COBOL | 1.5% | 28.0% |
| Delphi | 1.4% | 36.0% |
| VBA | 1.4% | 20.1% |
| Solidity | 1.1% | 41.5% |
| Odin | 0.5% | 82.4% |
| Elm | 0.1% | 94.1% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/da-language.md

### Code Testing tools

Bruno, PHPUnit, GoogleTest and MSTest may not be on the top of the desired list for most, but users of these testing tools rate them very highly on the admired scale

Asked as: Which tools for code testing, reliability, and maintainability have you done extensive development work in over the past year? Which do you want to work in over the next year? If you worked with the tool and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row. (`CodeTest`, scale, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 10,604

_Desired = "Want to use" / Admired = "Have used" & "Want to use"_

|  | Desired | Admired |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| ESLint | 19.1% | 47.4% |
| Playwright | 18.1% | 51.9% |
| pytest | 16.9% | 51.3% |
| Postman / Newman | 14.0% | 38.5% |
| Vitest | 13.8% | 56.9% |
| JUnit | 10.8% | 43.4% |
| SonarQube / SonarCloud | 10.1% | 40.2% |
| Sentry | 9.2% | 45.9% |
| Jest | 9.1% | 35.3% |
| Datadog | 7.2% | 40.3% |
| xUnit.net | 7.0% | 52.9% |
| Testcontainers | 6.7% | 54.5% |
| Selenium | 6.7% | 30.6% |
| CodeRabbit | 4.9% | 37.7% |
| NUnit | 4.8% | 40.5% |
| Cypress | 3.9% | 25.7% |
| BrowserStack | 3.6% | 30.2% |
| JaCoCo | 3.5% | 41.7% |
| Cucumber | 3.5% | 35.8% |
| CodeQL | 3.4% | 36.0% |
| Snyk Code | 3.2% | 30.9% |
| Codecov | 3.1% | 37.6% |
| k6 | 3.1% | 42.7% |
| RSpec | 2.9% | 50.6% |
| Mocha | 2.5% | 27.7% |
| New Relic | 2.3% | 30.5% |
| Appium | 2.0% | 32.5% |
| Semgrep | 2.0% | 35.7% |
| Graphite | 1.9% | 28.7% |
| Robot Framework | 1.8% | 28.8% |
| Canary | 1.8% | 38.9% |
| TestNG | 1.7% | 32.5% |
| Greptile | 1.5% | 43.1% |
| DeepSource | 1.4% | 33.9% |
| Ellipsis | 1.2% | 36.6% |
| Sourcery | 1.2% | 35.2% |
| Qodo | 1.2% | 36.7% |
| PHPUnit | 0.5% | 63.6% |
| Bruno | 0.5% | 78.3% |
| GoogleTest | 0.4% | 64.3% |
| MSTest | 0.3% | 63.8% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/da-code-test.md

### Databases

PostgreSQL is the most admired database technology this year, users love to use it

Asked as: Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year? Which do you want to work in over the next year? If you worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row. (`Databases`, scale, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 12,061

_Desired = "Want to use" / Admired = "Have used" & "Want to use"_

|  | Desired | Admired |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| PostgreSQL | 43.9% | 62.3% |
| SQLite | 28.8% | 56.4% |
| Redis | 20.5% | 51.0% |
| MySQL | 15.3% | 38.2% |
| Microsoft SQL Server | 12.6% | 41.8% |
| MongoDB | 11.4% | 38.5% |
| MariaDB | 10.8% | 43.3% |
| Elasticsearch | 9.8% | 35.5% |
| DuckDB | 6.7% | 50.6% |
| Supabase | 5.8% | 41.3% |
| Dynamodb | 5.8% | 37.5% |
| Valkey | 5.7% | 56.2% |
| BigQuery | 5.0% | 40.0% |
| Clickhouse | 4.1% | 50.6% |
| Oracle | 4.1% | 31.5% |
| Snowflake | 3.8% | 35.8% |
| Cassandra | 3.8% | 30.0% |
| Databricks SQL | 3.7% | 36.5% |
| Neo4J | 3.4% | 40.4% |
| Cosmos DB | 3.2% | 35.5% |
| Firebase Realtime Database | 3.0% | 38.7% |
| Cloud Firestore | 2.8% | 34.0% |
| H2 | 2.6% | 36.0% |
| InfluxDB | 2.4% | 31.5% |
| Amazon Redshift | 2.2% | 29.9% |
| Cockroachdb | 2.1% | 40.2% |
| Microsoft Access | 1.7% | 25.1% |
| Pocketbase | 1.6% | 45.0% |
| IBM DB2 | 1.4% | 27.5% |
| Datomic | 1.3% | 46.9% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/da-database.md

### Cloud development

Asked as: Which cloud platforms, containerization/orchestration tools, package managers, build tools, and infrastructure as code solutions have you done extensive development work in over the past year? Which do you want to work in over the next year? If you worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row. (`CloudPlat`, scale, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 10,889

_Desired = "Want to use" / Admired = "Have used" & "Want to use"_

|  | Desired | Admired |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| Docker / Docker Compose | 38.4% | 58.9% |
| Amazon Web Services (AWS) | 24.1% | 45.8% |
| npm | 21.7% | 37.9% |
| Kubernetes | 21.6% | 53.5% |
| Vite | 18.1% | 56.5% |
| uv | 17.2% | 60.9% |
| pip | 17.1% | 38.0% |
| Cloudflare | 16.7% | 53.2% |
| Homebrew | 15.3% | 52.5% |
| Google Cloud | 13.9% | 42.6% |
| Cargo | 13.9% | 65.4% |
| Microsoft Azure | 13.7% | 43.2% |
| Terraform | 13.0% | 45.7% |
| Make | 11.8% | 45.9% |
| pnpm | 11.3% | 49.3% |
| Podman | 10.7% | 54.9% |
| NuGet | 10.1% | 49.5% |
| APT | 10.1% | 55.2% |
| Ansible | 8.9% | 46.9% |
| Helm | 7.9% | 45.2% |
| Hetzner Cloud | 7.6% | 63.6% |
| CMake | 7.5% | 40.2% |
| Maven | 7.0% | 39.4% |
| Bun | 6.8% | 45.3% |
| Gradle | 6.6% | 35.6% |
| Pacman | 6.4% | 58.9% |
| Nix | 6.3% | 60.5% |
| Firebase | 6.3% | 38.6% |
| Winget | 6.3% | 44.7% |
| DigitalOcean | 6.2% | 44.1% |
| Vercel | 5.7% | 39.2% |
| MSBuild | 5.7% | 42.0% |
| Yarn | 5.6% | 27.3% |
| Supabase | 5.4% | 45.2% |
| Composer | 5.3% | 47.3% |
| OpenTofu | 4.7% | 61.1% |
| Chocolatey | 4.2% | 32.7% |
| Webpack | 4.1% | 21.7% |
| Ninja | 3.7% | 50.1% |
| Netlify | 3.2% | 38.9% |
| Conda | 3.2% | 32.7% |
| Fly.io | 3.1% | 48.9% |
| Rancher | 3.1% | 40.6% |
| Poetry | 3.0% | 25.3% |
| OpenShift | 2.8% | 42.9% |
| RubyGems / Bundler | 2.8% | 42.9% |
| Pulumi | 2.7% | 49.1% |
| OVHcloud | 2.6% | 47.1% |
| Railway | 2.4% | 47.9% |
| Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) | 2.4% | 40.6% |
| Render | 2.3% | 44.2% |
| Bazel | 2.2% | 38.5% |
| Heroku | 2.1% | 25.9% |
| Scaleway | 1.7% | 49.0% |
| Vultr | 1.6% | 49.4% |
| IBM Cloud | 1.6% | 39.3% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/da-platform.md

### Web frameworks and technologies

Svelte and SvelteKit are both highly admired, scoring 59% and 64% respectively

Asked as: Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year? Which do you want to work in over the next year? If you worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row. (`WebFramework`, scale, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 10,281

_Desired = "Want to use" / Admired = "Have used" & "Want to use"_

|  | Desired | Admired |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| React | 24.2% | 46.7% |
| Node.js | 24.1% | 46.1% |
| ASP.NET Core | 13.8% | 58.0% |
| FastAPI | 13.5% | 51.3% |
| Vue.js | 13.4% | 47.2% |
| Next.js | 11.4% | 39.3% |
| Angular | 10.4% | 42.1% |
| Svelte | 9.9% | 59.4% |
| Spring Boot | 8.6% | 50.2% |
| htmx | 8.3% | 55.9% |
| Django | 8.2% | 43.8% |
| Express | 8.0% | 39.8% |
| Flask | 7.1% | 38.1% |
| SvelteKit | 6.8% | 64.4% |
| jQuery | 6.7% | 26.6% |
| Astro | 6.6% | 58.8% |
| Blazor | 6.1% | 47.4% |
| ASP.NET | 6.0% | 31.7% |
| Laravel | 5.4% | 45.2% |
| Deno | 5.2% | 51.4% |
| Ruby on Rails | 4.9% | 50.1% |
| WordPress | 4.7% | 26.5% |
| NestJS | 4.7% | 46.3% |
| Axum | 4.0% | 70.6% |
| Nuxt.js | 3.9% | 46.5% |
| Phoenix | 3.5% | 69.5% |
| AngularJS | 3.3% | 20.1% |
| Symfony | 2.9% | 44.3% |
| Hono | 2.8% | 51.2% |
| Fastify | 2.7% | 42.8% |
| SolidJS | 2.5% | 55.5% |
| Preact | 2.1% | 49.2% |
| Remix | 1.7% | 38.4% |
| Drupal | 1.5% | 37.7% |
| Koa | 1.0% | 43.5% |
| Leptos | 0.3% | 81.8% |
| Lustre | 0.2% | 100.0% |
| Quarkus | 0.2% | 80.8% |
| Lit | 0.2% | 80.0% |
| Flutter | 0.1% | 62.5% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/da-webframe.md

### Dev IDEs

IYKYK: Helix users want to keep using it as their IDE more than any other IDE this year

Asked as: Which development environments and code editors did you use regularly over the past year? Which do you want to use over the next year? Please check all that apply. (`DevIDE`, scale, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 13,193

_Desired = "Want to use" / Admired = "Have used" & "Want to use"_

|  | Desired | Admired |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| Visual Studio Code | 40.6% | 55.7% |
| Vim | 16.4% | 55.7% |
| Notepad++ | 15.1% | 52.5% |
| IntelliJ IDEA | 14.5% | 53.3% |
| Visual Studio | 14.1% | 47.8% |
| Neovim | 12.9% | 69.9% |
| Zed | 9.7% | 57.3% |
| PyCharm | 8.2% | 49.7% |
| Cursor | 7.9% | 33.0% |
| Android Studio | 7.8% | 39.4% |
| Jupyter Notebook/JupyterLab | 6.6% | 44.7% |
| Nano | 6.2% | 46.8% |
| VSCodium | 5.6% | 51.4% |
| Xcode | 5.5% | 38.7% |
| Sublime Text | 5.4% | 49.6% |
| Rider | 5.2% | 56.9% |
| WebStorm | 4.7% | 55.2% |
| Emacs | 4.6% | 61.0% |
| CLion | 3.8% | 51.1% |
| GitHub Codespaces | 3.7% | 34.2% |
| PhpStorm | 3.7% | 51.5% |
| RustRover | 3.6% | 56.7% |
| Eclipse | 3.0% | 32.6% |
| GoLand | 3.0% | 52.7% |
| Kiro | 1.7% | 31.2% |
| Windsurf | 1.7% | 22.7% |
| Helix | 1.4% | 88.5% |
| NetBeans | 1.3% | 30.4% |
| RubyMine | 1.3% | 51.1% |
| Replit | 1.2% | 24.4% |
| Trae | 0.7% | 35.6% |
| Antigravity | 0.3% | 62.1% |
| R Studio | 0.3% | 75.0% |
| Kate | 0.3% | 81.8% |
| BBEdit | 0.2% | 82.8% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/da-dev-envs.md

### LLMs

75% have used Anthropic LLMs in the last year, and 61% want to keep using them; 74% have used OpenAI LLMs, 42% want to keep using them.

Asked as: Which LLM model vendors for AI tools have you used for work in the past year? Which would you like to use next year? Select all that apply. (`LLM`, scale, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 11,895

_Desired = "Want to use" / Admired = "Have used" & "Want to use"_

|  | Desired | Admired |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| Anthropic | 49.1% | 60.5% |
| OpenAI | 32.2% | 41.5% |
| Google AI | 26.3% | 44.5% |
| DeepSeek | 12.8% | 43.6% |
| Microsoft | 9.7% | 32.6% |
| Mistral AI | 8.9% | 43.7% |
| Alibaba Qwen | 8.5% | 52.5% |
| Moonshot AI | 4.5% | 58.2% |
| xAI | 4.4% | 37.2% |
| Meta AI | 2.8% | 26.0% |
| Zhipu AI | 2.5% | 64.6% |
| Snowflake | 1.8% | 35.0% |
| Databricks (DBRX) | 1.6% | 37.1% |
| Black Forest Labs | 1.4% | 54.2% |
| Cohere | 1.1% | 37.5% |
| Voyage AI (MongoDB) | 0.9% | 39.1% |
| Stability AI | 0.8% | 36.3% |
| 01.AI | 0.7% | 46.4% |
| Cascade | 0.7% | 41.5% |
| Luel | 0.7% | 48.8% |
| Guide Labs | 0.6% | 53.8% |
| Reka | 0.5% | 48.7% |
| Minimax | 0.1% | 69.2% |
| GLM | 0.1% | 50.0% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/da-llm.md

## 3.3 Popular Knowledge Technologies

### Knowledge Management Tools

Confluence is the most used knowledge management tool this year

Asked as: Which knowledge management platforms have you used for work in the past year? Which would you like to use next year? Which have you used in your agentic workflows? (`KnowMgmt`, scale, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 9,142

|  | Respondents | Percent |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| Atlassian Confluence | 5,048 | 55.2% |
| Google Workspace / Google Drive / Google Docs | 3,755 | 41.1% |
| Microsoft SharePoint | 2,927 | 32.0% |
| Notion | 1,700 | 18.6% |
| Stack Internal / Stack Overflow for Teams | 644 | 7.0% |
| Other | 602 | 6.6% |
| ServiceNow Knowledge Management | 440 | 4.8% |
| DokuWiki | 307 | 3.4% |
| Obsidian | 252 | 2.8% |
| XWiki | 174 | 1.9% |
| Zendesk Guide | 143 | 1.6% |
| BookStack | 131 | 1.4% |
| Coda | 124 | 1.4% |
| Outline | 101 | 1.1% |
| Quip | 98 | 1.1% |
| Document360 | 79 | 0.9% |
| Azure Devops | 74 | 0.8% |
| Guru | 71 | 0.8% |
| Gitlab | 67 | 0.7% |
| Slab | 55 | 0.6% |
| Mediawiki | 52 | 0.6% |
| Nuclino | 44 | 0.5% |
| Bloomfire | 34 | 0.4% |
| KnowledgeOwl | 34 | 0.4% |
| Helpjuice | 26 | 0.3% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/know-mgmt.md

### Enterprise Search

Elastic is the most used enterprise search technology this year

Asked as: Which enterprise search platforms have you used for work in the past year? Which would you like to use next year? Which have you used in your agentic workflows? (`EntSearch`, scale, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 2,746

|  | Respondents | Percent |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| Elastic / Elasticsearch / Elastic Enterprise Search | 1,007 | 36.7% |
| Microsoft Search | 613 | 22.3% |
| OpenSearch | 478 | 17.4% |
| Google Cloud Search / Vertex AI Search | 452 | 16.5% |
| Azure AI Search / Azure Cognitive Search | 317 | 11.5% |
| Apache Solr | 227 | 8.3% |
| MongoDB Atlas Search | 218 | 7.9% |
| Glean | 184 | 6.7% |
| Algolia | 173 | 6.3% |
| Other | 143 | 5.2% |
| ServiceNow AI Search | 95 | 3.5% |
| IBM Watson Discovery | 81 | 2.9% |
| Amazon Kendra | 78 | 2.8% |
| Lucidworks | 75 | 2.7% |
| Salesforce Einstein Search | 75 | 2.7% |
| Coveo | 43 | 1.6% |
| Sinequa | 37 | 1.3% |
| SearchStax | 35 | 1.3% |
| Yext | 28 | 1.0% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/ent-search.md

### Security Operations Tools

Auth0 and Okta are the most used Security Ops technologies this year

Asked as: Which security and permissions-based tools have you used for work in the past year? Which would you like to use, if you could choose, in the next year? Which have you used in your agentic workflows? (`SecOps`, scale, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 4,052

|  | Respondents | Percent |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| Auth0 | 1,203 | 29.7% |
| Okta | 1,162 | 28.7% |
| Keycloak | 753 | 18.6% |
| Sonar | 649 | 16.0% |
| Datadog | 582 | 14.4% |
| CrowdStrike | 502 | 12.4% |
| Splunk | 409 | 10.1% |
| Fortinet | 370 | 9.1% |
| Other | 330 | 8.1% |
| CyberArk | 260 | 6.4% |
| SentinelOne | 228 | 5.6% |
| Checkmarx | 203 | 5.0% |
| BeyondTrust | 192 | 4.7% |
| Wiz | 189 | 4.7% |
| Ping Identity | 185 | 4.6% |
| Mend.io | 129 | 3.2% |
| Aqua Security | 123 | 3.0% |
| Check Point | 122 | 3.0% |
| OneLogin | 122 | 3.0% |
| Teleport | 121 | 3.0% |
| Veracode | 118 | 2.9% |
| Tenable | 114 | 2.8% |
| PortSwigger | 95 | 2.3% |
| OpenText | 88 | 2.2% |
| Delinea | 77 | 1.9% |
| Orca Security | 68 | 1.7% |
| Contrast Security | 39 | 1.0% |
| Microsoft Entra | 32 | 0.8% |
| authentik | 13 | 0.3% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/sec-ops.md

## 3.4 Build vs. AI

### Did your team build tools?

Only 19% of users building software are working to replace a vendor

Asked as: Have you used or been involved with building in-house software in the past year? Are you planning to do so in the next year? Select all work functions from the list below that apply. (`BuildTool`, multi select, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 13,338

|  | Respondents | Percent |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| Small scripts/automations | 10,304 | 77.3% |
| Team-level internal tools | 8,398 | 63.0% |
| Customer-facing products | 7,254 | 54.4% |
| Cross-team/platform tools | 6,130 | 46.0% |
| Replacing paid vendors | 2,482 | 18.6% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/build-tool.md

### Did you build tools with AI assistance?

For those building software at work to replace a vendor, 54% say they used AI to help them

Asked as: Which of the following, if any, has your team built with AI assistance in the past 12 months? (`BuildToolAI`, multi select, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 10,338

|  | Respondents | Percent |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| Small scripts/automations | 7,640 | 74.2% |
| Team-level internal tools | 5,588 | 66.5% |
| Customer-facing products | 4,754 | 65.5% |
| Cross-team/platform tools | 3,831 | 62.5% |
| Replacing paid vendors | 1,349 | 54.4% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/build-tool-ai.md

### Did AI cause business disruptions?

Security and privacy issues caused 24% of teams valuable time in the last year

Asked as: What kinds of AI mistakes have cost you or your team the most time in the past year? Select all that apply. (`Disruption`, multi select, optional, v2026.1)

All Respondents · n = 13,648

|  | Respondents | Percent |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| Plausible but wrong code | 9,452 | 69.3% |
| Hard-to-review generated code | 7,403 | 54.2% |
| Missing context | 6,724 | 49.3% |
| Hallucinated package/config | 6,161 | 45.1% |
| Incorrect or stale internal knowledge | 5,287 | 38.7% |
| Outdated APIs | 4,621 | 33.9% |
| Poor debugging path | 3,377 | 24.7% |
| Security/privacy issue | 3,205 | 23.5% |
| Licensing/source uncertainty | 1,560 | 11.4% |
| Other | 1,172 | 8.6% |

Every respondent group: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/disruption.md