Programming, scripting, and markup languages — Technology data 2026

Question

Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, which do you want to work with over the next year, and which have you used AI tools or AI agents to work with? Select all that apply in each row.

scale
Optional
v2026.1

Data

	Respondents	Percent
JavaScript	8,742	62.0%
SQL	8,237	58.4%
HTML/CSS	8,212	58.2%
Python	8,184	58.0%
Bash/Shell (all shells)	7,231	51.3%
TypeScript	6,171	43.8%
Java	3,885	27.6%
C#	3,826	27.1%
PowerShell	3,472	24.6%
C++	3,425	24.3%
C	3,070	21.8%
Rust	2,542	18.0%
PHP	2,490	17.7%
Go	2,332	16.5%
Kotlin	1,524	10.8%
Lua	1,327	9.4%
Assembly	1,020	7.2%
Swift	831	5.9%
Ruby	823	5.8%
Other	733	5.2%
Dart	697	4.9%
R	639	4.5%
Nix	623	4.4%
GDScript	571	4.0%
Visual Basic (.Net)	557	4.0%
VBA	552	3.9%
Groovy	544	3.9%
Perl	538	3.8%
MATLAB	513	3.6%
Zig	398	2.8%
MicroPython	384	2.7%
Lisp	368	2.6%
Elixir	367	2.6%
Objective-C	357	2.5%
Haskell	324	2.3%
Scala	309	2.2%
Delphi	267	1.9%
Fortran	239	1.7%
Erlang	218	1.5%
Julia	211	1.5%
Clojure	187	1.3%
Gleam	176	1.2%
Ada	172	1.2%
F#	172	1.2%
OCaml	165	1.2%
COBOL	150	1.1%
Prolog	129	0.9%
Solidity	118	0.8%
Mojo	82	0.6%
Odin	34	0.2%
Elm	17	0.1%

Use this data

Citation

Response data is released under the ODbL 1.0, which asks that you attribute it.

Stack Exchange Inc. (2026). “Programming, scripting, and markup languages”. Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2026. Licensed under ODbL 1.0. https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/languages

JSON

Structured for code, with the question, the year and the source url alongside the numbers.

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  "question": "Programming, scripting, and markup languages",
  "dataId": "Languages",
  "asked": "Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, which do you want to work with over the next year, and which have you used AI tools or AI agents to work with? Select all that apply in each row.",
  "year": "2026",
  "url": "https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/technology/data/languages",
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  "data": [
    {
      "response": "JavaScript",
      "count": 8742,
      "pct": 0.62
    },
    {
      "response": "SQL",
      "count": 8237,
      "pct": 0.584
    },
    {
      "response": "HTML/CSS",
      "count": 8212,
      "pct": 0.582
    },
    {
      "response": "Python",
      "count": 8184,
      "pct": 0.58
    },
    {
      "response": "Bash/Shell (all shells)",
      "count": 7231,
      "pct": 0.513
    },
    {
      "response": "TypeScript",
      "count": 6171,
      "pct": 0.438
    },
    {
      "response": "Java",
      "count": 3885,
      "pct": 0.276
    },
    {
      "response": "C#",
      "count": 3826,
      "pct": 0.271
    },
    {
      "response": "PowerShell",
      "count": 3472,
      "pct": 0.246
    },
    {
      "response": "C++",
      "count": 3425,
      "pct": 0.243
    },
    {
      "response": "C",
      "count": 3070,
      "pct": 0.218
    },
    {
      "response": "Rust",
      "count": 2542,
      "pct": 0.18
    },
    {
      "response": "PHP",
      "count": 2490,
      "pct": 0.177
    },
    {
      "response": "Go",
      "count": 2332,
      "pct": 0.165
    },
    {
      "response": "Kotlin",
      "count": 1524,
      "pct": 0.108
    },
    {
      "response": "Lua",
      "count": 1327,
      "pct": 0.094
    },
    {
      "response": "Assembly",
      "count": 1020,
      "pct": 0.072
    },
    {
      "response": "Swift",
      "count": 831,
      "pct": 0.059
    },
    {
      "response": "Ruby",
      "count": 823,
      "pct": 0.058
    },
    {
      "response": "Other",
      "count": 733,
      "pct": 0.052
    },
    {
      "response": "Dart",
      "count": 697,
      "pct": 0.049
    },
    {
      "response": "R",
      "count": 639,
      "pct": 0.045
    },
    {
      "response": "Nix",
      "count": 623,
      "pct": 0.044
    },
    {
      "response": "GDScript",
      "count": 571,
      "pct": 0.04
    },
    {
      "response": "Visual Basic (.Net)",
      "count": 557,
      "pct": 0.04
    },
    {
      "response": "VBA",
      "count": 552,
      "pct": 0.039
    },
    {
      "response": "Groovy",
      "count": 544,
      "pct": 0.039
    },
    {
      "response": "Perl",
      "count": 538,
      "pct": 0.038
    },
    {
      "response": "MATLAB",
      "count": 513,
      "pct": 0.036
    },
    {
      "response": "Zig",
      "count": 398,
      "pct": 0.028
    },
    {
      "response": "MicroPython",
      "count": 384,
      "pct": 0.027
    },
    {
      "response": "Lisp",
      "count": 368,
      "pct": 0.026
    },
    {
      "response": "Elixir",
      "count": 367,
      "pct": 0.026
    },
    {
      "response": "Objective-C",
      "count": 357,
      "pct": 0.025
    },
    {
      "response": "Haskell",
      "count": 324,
      "pct": 0.023
    },
    {
      "response": "Scala",
      "count": 309,
      "pct": 0.022
    },
    {
      "response": "Delphi",
      "count": 267,
      "pct": 0.019
    },
    {
      "response": "Fortran",
      "count": 239,
      "pct": 0.017
    },
    {
      "response": "Erlang",
      "count": 218,
      "pct": 0.015
    },
    {
      "response": "Julia",
      "count": 211,
      "pct": 0.015
    },
    {
      "response": "Clojure",
      "count": 187,
      "pct": 0.013
    },
    {
      "response": "Gleam",
      "count": 176,
      "pct": 0.012
    },
    {
      "response": "Ada",
      "count": 172,
      "pct": 0.012
    },
    {
      "response": "F#",
      "count": 172,
      "pct": 0.012
    },
    {
      "response": "OCaml",
      "count": 165,
      "pct": 0.012
    },
    {
      "response": "COBOL",
      "count": 150,
      "pct": 0.011
    },
    {
      "response": "Prolog",
      "count": 129,
      "pct": 0.009
    },
    {
      "response": "Solidity",
      "count": 118,
      "pct": 0.008
    },
    {
      "response": "Mojo",
      "count": 82,
      "pct": 0.006
    },
    {
      "response": "Odin",
      "count": 34,
      "pct": 0.002
    },
    {
      "response": "Elm",
      "count": 17,
      "pct": 0.001
    }
  ]
}

Markdown

A formatted table, ready to paste into a document, an issue or a prompt.

|  | Respondents | Percent |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| JavaScript | 8,742 | 62.0% |
| SQL | 8,237 | 58.4% |
| HTML/CSS | 8,212 | 58.2% |
| Python | 8,184 | 58.0% |
| Bash/Shell (all shells) | 7,231 | 51.3% |
| TypeScript | 6,171 | 43.8% |
| Java | 3,885 | 27.6% |
| C# | 3,826 | 27.1% |
| PowerShell | 3,472 | 24.6% |
| C++ | 3,425 | 24.3% |
| C | 3,070 | 21.8% |
| Rust | 2,542 | 18.0% |
| PHP | 2,490 | 17.7% |
| Go | 2,332 | 16.5% |
| Kotlin | 1,524 | 10.8% |
| Lua | 1,327 | 9.4% |
| Assembly | 1,020 | 7.2% |
| Swift | 831 | 5.9% |
| Ruby | 823 | 5.8% |
| Other | 733 | 5.2% |
| Dart | 697 | 4.9% |
| R | 639 | 4.5% |
| Nix | 623 | 4.4% |
| GDScript | 571 | 4.0% |
| Visual Basic (.Net) | 557 | 4.0% |
| VBA | 552 | 3.9% |
| Groovy | 544 | 3.9% |
| Perl | 538 | 3.8% |
| MATLAB | 513 | 3.6% |
| Zig | 398 | 2.8% |
| MicroPython | 384 | 2.7% |
| Lisp | 368 | 2.6% |
| Elixir | 367 | 2.6% |
| Objective-C | 357 | 2.5% |
| Haskell | 324 | 2.3% |
| Scala | 309 | 2.2% |
| Delphi | 267 | 1.9% |
| Fortran | 239 | 1.7% |
| Erlang | 218 | 1.5% |
| Julia | 211 | 1.5% |
| Clojure | 187 | 1.3% |
| Gleam | 176 | 1.2% |
| Ada | 172 | 1.2% |
| F# | 172 | 1.2% |
| OCaml | 165 | 1.2% |
| COBOL | 150 | 1.1% |
| Prolog | 129 | 0.9% |
| Solidity | 118 | 0.8% |
| Mojo | 82 | 0.6% |
| Odin | 34 | 0.2% |
| Elm | 17 | 0.1% |

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